While common, Staphylococcus aureus infections – known as golden staph – can be life-threatening if the bacteria enter the bloodstream, causing sepsis.

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Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

Digitally colorized, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image depicting a number of yellow-colored, spheroid shaped, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) bacteria in a chain-like configuration

Golden staph is notorious for its ability to become resistant to antibiotics, making it hard to treat, which can lead to adverse health outcomes for patients infected with a drug-resistant form of the bacteria.  

In one of the most comprehensive studies of its kind, published in Cell Reports, researchers, led by the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity (Doherty Institute), analysed the unique genetic profiles of more than 1,300 Golden staph strains. 

By combining this data with patient and antibiotic information, the researchers found that, while patient factors are critical in determining mortality risks, specific genes are linked to antibiotic resistance, along with the bacteria’s ability to linger in the blood, evading antibiotics and the immune system. 

Diagnostic power

University of Melbourne’s Dr Stefano Giulieri, a clinician-researcher at the Doherty Institute and first author of the paper, said the findings highlighted the diagnostic power of integrating clinical and genomic data.  

“To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first times that the method we used, called a genome-wide association study (GWAS), has been applied to delve into the role of bacterial genomes, host factors and antibiotics on the course of staphylococcal sepsis,” said Dr Giulieri.  

“In GWAS, scientists scan the genome of a big collection of bacteria to look for tiny changes (mutations) that show up more often in strains with a certain characteristic, such as antibiotic resistance. Mutations with a strong statistical link are precious clues to figure out how bacteria acquire attributes that are important for patient outcomes. 

“Our study uncovered a deeper understanding of the intricate genetic dynamics underlying severe Golden staph infections. It highlights the potential of combining bacterial whole-genome sequencing, clinical data and sophisticated statistical genomics to discover clinically relevant bacterial factors that influence infection outcomes.” 

Reshaping strategies

University of Melbourne Professor Ben Howden, Director of the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit (MDU) Public Health Laboratory at the Doherty Institute and co-senior author of the paper, said that this work represents a significant advancement in medical research as it reshapes our strategies against complex health challenges like Golden staph infections. 

“By revealing the genes responsible for antibiotic resistance in Golden staph, our GWAS is pointing the scientific community to clearer targets for the development of effective solutions to treat Golden staph bloodstream infections,” said Professor Howden.

“This knowledge has the potential to shape and enhance our ability to tackle these persistent infections. As bacterial genomes become increasingly available in the clinical routine, we inch closer to customised therapeutic strategies, where treatments will be tailored to the unique genetic makeup of the infecting strain, rather that treating everyone in the same way.” 

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